scientific Writing

Meeting: 6-9

Understanding reference words

What’s wrong with this sentence?

Some people believe that a university education should be available to everyone as a university education will help with employment.

The problem here is that ‘university education’ has been repeated – the sentence would have been better presented using a reference word like this:

Some people believe that a university education should be available to everyone as this will help with employment.

Reference words (words that refer back to a previous word or phrase but without repeating it) are very common many reading texts and can often cause some confusion. An important part of understanding a text is being able to identify the reference words and their relationship to other words, phrases or sentences.

WRITING A FIRST DRAFT

 This section focuses on the types of information that you need to organize and include in each section of a research report. It begins with general guidelines for formatting and provides additional information about formatting for each individual part of the paper. To emphasize the importance of citations in APA-style writing, it includes a special section about citations and their formatting both in the text of the report and in the References section.

Some General Rules In-Text Citations (Publication Manual, pp. 174-179)

What You Are Citing	In-Text Citation
The entire work	(Smith, 2004)
A specific page	(Smith, 2004, p. 39)
If the author's name is included in the text of the sentence where the citation takes place	Smith (2004, p. 39) claims that... Use only the date or date and page number.
An online article with no page numbers.	(Myers, 2000, para. 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1) Use abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number you are citing. When possible, specify a section of the article.
Citing multiple authors	See Authors, below.

Authors (Publication Manual, pp. 181-183)

One author

Example: Reference List Citation	Example: In-Text Citation
Courtois, C. A. (2004).	(Courtois, 2004)

Two authors

Example: Reference List Citation	Example: In-Text Citation
Kelley, P. C., & Chang, P. L. (2007).	(Kelley & Chang, 2007)

Three to five authors

Example: Reference List Citation	Example: In-Text Citation
Hughes, J. C., Brestan, E. V., & Valle, L. A. (2004).	First citation: (Hughes, Brestan, & Valle, 2004) Subsequent citations: (Hughes et al., 2004) When a work has more than 2 authors, subsequent in-text citations consist of the first author's name followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the date.

Six or seven authors

Example: Reference List Citation	Example: In-Text Citation
Phelps, B. R., Lima, M., Gomez, J., MacArthur, R. T., Gansu, L., & Nehru, M. (2004).	First citation: (Phelps et al., 2004) Subsequent citations: (Phelps et al., 2004) When a work has 6-7 authors, in-text citations consist of the first author's name followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the date.

Eight or more authors

Example: Reference List Citation	Example: In-Text Citation
Carter, A., Dougherty, S., Addington, M., Stanley, R., Stanley, C., Schuffler, G., . . . Smyrna, B. F. (2004). When there are eight or more authors, include the first 6 authors' names followed by an ellipsis (. . .) and the final author's name.	First citation: (Carter et al., 2004) Subsequent citations: (Carter et al., 2004) When a work has 8 or more authors, in-text citations consist of the first author's name followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the date.

Group author

Example: Reference List Citation	Example: In-Text Citation
American Dietetic Association. (1999).	First citation: (American Dietetic Association [ADA], 1999) Subsequent citations: (ADA, 1999)

No authors listed

Example: Reference List Citation	Example: In-Text Citation
None to claim their bones: Relics of an old Brooklyn graveyard. (1888, April 12). New York Times, pp. 3-4. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/ List the source by title in your reference list. Alphabetize reference list entries beginning with a title using the primary word of the title (excluding a, an, and the).	("None to Claim Their Bones," 1888) In cases where the title contains a colon, use only the text before the colon in your in-text citation.

Exercise 1

Write how to make references article, books, and journal to two names or more, and the references write minimal three references. Good luck!

Score: all correct get 100 point,

But if the students write a part, so the student only get 50

Source by: Fulwiler. 2002. College Writing: A Personal Approach to Academic Writing. 3rd ed. Boynton / Cook. 245 p.